* modus ponens new s all x (man(x) > mortal(x)); s man(Socrates); q mortal(Socrates); proof * if x is the head of a horse, then x is the head of an animal new s all x (horse(x) > animal(x)); q all x (exist y (horse(y) & head(x,y)) > exist z (animal(z) & head(x,z))); proof * did Marcus hate Ceasar? new s man(Marcus); s Pompeian(Marcus); s all x (Pompeian(x) > Roman(x)); s ruler(Ceasar); s all x (Roman(x) > hates(x,Ceasar) or loyalto(x,Ceasar)); s all x some y loyalto(x,y); s all x all y (man(x) & tryassassinate(x,y) & ruler(y) > not loyalto(x,y)); s tryassassinate(Marcus,Ceasar); q hates(Marcus,Ceasar); proof * existence of a right-identity element new s all x all y some z p(z,x,y); s all x all y some z p(x,z,y); s all u all v all w all x all y all z (p(x,y,u) & p(y,z,v) & p(x,v,w) > p(u,z,w)); q exist x all y p(y,x,y); proof eof